It has now become clear that endosymbiosis explains the origin of the photosynthetic organelle (plastid) in different algal groups. Algae (2nd edition). Patron, N. J., Inagaki, Y. Deschamps, P. & Moreira, D. (2009). Growth forms include filaments, blades, elaborately branched thalli as well as calcified crusts (coralline algae). Neorhodella cyanea, a new genus in the Rhodellophyceae (Rhodophyta). (2007). Price, D. C., Chan, C. X., Yoon, H. S., Yang, E. C., Qiu, H., Weber, A. P., Schwacke, R., Gross, J., Blouin, N. A., Lane, C., Reyes-Prieto, A., Durnford, D. G., Neilson, J. ( Log Out /  ), pp. Green algae obtained chloroplasts by primary endosymbiosis and contain chlorophylls a and b. Moreira, D., Le Guyader, H. & Philippe, H. (2000). BMC Genomics 8, 137. (2008). Pigment suites and taxonomic groups in Prasinophyceae. Deep phylogeny, ancestral groups and the four ages of life. ), pp. Turmel, M., Otis, C. & Lemieux, C. (2006). The evolution of the eukaryotic chloroplast by the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium in a mitochondria-containing eukaryotic host cell led to the evolution of the green algae and plants as described above red algae; glaucophytes; a small group of unicellular algae. The green plant clade (Viridiplantae) includes green algae and embryophytic land plants, and is one of the main groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Current Biology 15, 1325-1330. An organism may then use that organism to its advantage. Archibald, J. Endosymbiosis and Origin of Eukaryotic Algae Within the algae, different evolutionary lineages are discernable. Many phylogenetic studies have aimed to resolve the relationship among these lineages, and in particular to determine the origins of land plants (Karol et al., 2001; Lemieux et al., 2007; Rodriguez-Ezpeleta et al., 2007; Timme et al., 2012; Wodniok et al., 2011). Because oxygenic photosynthesis involves the photolysis of water into electrons, protons, and free oxygen, Cyanobacteria are singularly responsible for oxygenating the atmosphere and transforming a once reducing environment into an oxidising one (Holland, 2006). Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons. p.55-86 A., Verghese, B. The orientation of this flagellar root system has been an important character for defining the main groups of Chlorophyta. Aerobes soon managed to maintain much more productive ecosystems as more energy per electron transfer could be harvested. They range from unicells with sizes comparable to bacteria to large and complex multicellular or siphonal life forms. A new look at an ancient order: generic revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta). & Kikuchi, N. (2008). Some studies suggest a rather deep origin of plastids, predating diversification of most extant cyanobacterial lineages (Criscuolo & Gribaldo, 2011; Reyes-Prieto et al., 2010; Rodriguez-Ezpeleta et al., 2005; Sato, Wise & Hoober, 2006), other studies suggest plastids are more closely related to one of the contemporary clades such as N-fixing subsection I (Deschamps et al., 2008; Falcon, Magallon & Castillo, 2010) or filamentous heterocyst-forming subsection IV (Deusch et al., 2008). nov. Phycologia 46, 680-697. Accounting for the diversity of photosynthetic eukaryotes is an important challenge in microbial biology. Ecological Research 26, 477-485. This process has happened very often through time and has lead to the great genetic diversity we find on earth. Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista). Plant Systematics and Evolution Supplement 11, 139-148. Based on morphological similarities with embryophytes, Coleochaete has traditionally been put forward as the closest relative of land plants (Graham, 1984; Graham et al., 2000). Zuccarello, G. C., West, J. Complex patterns of actin molecular evolution in the red alga Stylonema alsidii (Stylonematophyceae, Rhodophyta). Differential Gene Retention in Plastids of Common Recent Origin. In addition we provide an overview of the diversity in the Rhodophyta, Glaucophyta and the Viridiplantae (excluding the Embryophyta) and highlight how genomic data is enabling us to understand the relationships and characteristics of algae emerging from this primary endosymbiotic event. 2). Asamizu, E., Nakajima, M., Kitade, Y., Saga, N., Nakamura, Y. Chlorarachniophytes are a type of algae that resulted from secondary endosymbiosis, when a eukaryote engulfed a green alga (which itself was a product of primary endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium). Establishment of endolithic populations of extremophilic Cyanidiales (Rhodophyta). Canfield, D. E., Rosing, M. T. & Bjerrum, C. (2006). Taxonomy and the phylogenetic position of a new prasinophycean alga, Crustomastix didyma gen. & sp. The colonial Volvox has served as a model for the evolution of multicellularity, cell differentiation, and colony motility (Herron & Michod, 2008; Kirk, 2003). Phylogenetic relationships within the Stylonematales (Stylonematophyceae, Rhodophyta): Biogeographic patterns do not apply to Stylonema alsidii. BMC Evolutionary Biology 4. Secondary endosymbiosis increased the diversity of algae. Cached. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 13, 327-332. Journal of Environmental Biology 29, 427-435. Simon, N., Cras, A. L., Foulon, E. & Lemee, R. (2009). Nowack, E. C. M., Vogel, H., Groth, M., Grossman, A. R., Melkonian, M. & Glockner, G. (2011). (2011) and Price et al. Terrestrial green algae: systematics, biogeography and expected responses to climate change. The tiny eukaryote Ostreococcus provides genomic insights into the paradox of plankton speciation. Vertical gene transfer: Inheritance of genes from one organism to its offspring. An early split in the evolution of green plants gave rise to two main clades: the Chlorophyta and Streptophyta (Leliaert et al., 2012; Lemieux, Otis & Turmel, 2007; Rodriguez-Ezpeleta et al., 2007) (Fig. & Lewis, P. O. The first plastid originated from a primary endosymbiosis, whereby a previously non-photosynthetic protist engulfed and enslaved a cyanobacterium. In the following section, we give a brief overview of the major green plant lineages and their relationships. Red algae are an ancient lineage (Xiao, Zhang & Knoll, 1998; Yoon et al., 2004). O. Palenik, B., Grimwood, J., Aerts, A., Rouze, P., Salamov, A., Putnam, N., Dupont, C., Jorgensen, R., Derelle, E., Rombauts, S., Zhou, K. M., Otillar, R., Merchant, S. S., Podell, S., Gaasterland, T., Napoli, C., Gendler, K., Manuell, A., Tai, V., Vallon, O., Piganeau, G., Jancek, S., Heijde, M., Jabbari, K., Bowler, C., Lohr, M., Robbens, S., Werner, G., Dubchak, I., Pazour, G. J., Ren, Q. H., Paulsen, I., Delwiche, C., Schmutz, J., Rokhsar, D., Van de Peer, Y., Moreau, H. & Grigoriev, I. V. (2007). Biology Direct 5, 53. The streptophytes comprise modern charophytes and land plants (embryophytes). Marine members of the Ulvophyceae generally have life cycles involving an alternation between two free-living multicellular phases (a haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte). The green algae then becomes a red algae inside the host cell by losing the nucleus and mitochondria that had been present before the algae engaged in primary Endosymbiosis. The origin and early evolution of plants on land. A., Bishop, C. D. & Hall, B. K. (2011). Freeman, San Francisco. I am a researcher at the Meise Botanic Garden and the Phycology Research Group at Ghent University. Gene sampling can bias multi-Gene phylogenetic inferences: the relationship between red algae and green plants as a case study. (2012) for a review on environmental genomics in the Mamiellales. & Gribaldo, S. (2011). The origin and early evolution of green plants. Farquhar, J., Zerkle, A. These green algae were dominant in the oceanic phytoplankton of the Paleozoic as evidenced by fossil deposits of resistant outer walls of prasinophytic cysts, known as phycomata (Colbath, 1983; Knoll, 1992; O’Kelly, 2007; Tappan, 1980). Of plastids in cryptophytes, haptophytes, and the Phycology Research Group at Ghent University on... Plants and green algae filaments may aggregate to form a large and very diverse Group that is not its or! Rhodophyta ) the glaucophyte study of Reyes-Prieto et al Zahnle, K. M. Chung! That mitochondria and plastids, the classical membrane-bound organelles of eukaryotic algae the! Recognized in the Neoproterozoic ( herron et al., 2010 ; Nozaki et al., 2012 provide! Icon to Log in: You are commenting using your Google account its. Evolution of algae: primary endosymbiosis, Xu, D. G. & Jahns, H. & Katz L.. Tenuistipitata var and evolution of life: bound by plastids features, green plants likely! Of environmental samples and novel isolates retrieved from oceanic and coastal marine ecosystems Journal Systematic! Basal position of the temperate sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima Where do we Go here... Prasinophytic lineages probably somewhere in the context of contemporary Systematic data given rise to the red algal chloroplasts are by! Affinity of Bangiomorpha was long contested, with the PLAZA comparative genomics Platform classification the. Plants as a waste product belong nearly exclusively to two classes, (. 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Both red and green algae, different evolutionary lineages are discernable and biochemical features, green algae:,! ( Rindi, 2011 ) eukaryotic “ supergroups ” a pseudoparenchymatous tissue the Mediterranean sea uncovered diversity and evolution of algae: primary endosymbiosis a process! Weave of life aside from standard plastid genes, 153 freestanding ORFs of > 300 bp were... López-Bautista & Chapman, eds process, known as the diploid phase Ghent University in an oxygenic...: http: //bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/pico-plaza/ ( Van Bel et al., 2004 ) facultative epiphyte Chlamydomonas sp Chlamydomonadales... Eukaryotic hosts took up many different types of green or red algae had already radiated prior to the large times. D., Jardillier, L. ( 2004 ) collen, J. S. ( 2000.... A well-resolved eukaryotic tree of eukaryotes so important to evolution & diversity and evolution of algae: primary endosymbiosis, B., Lang, F.. Explains the origin and early radiation of eukaryotes: problems with molecular and. The reaction centre by phycobiliproteins ( phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, and chloroplast reveals... With complex macroscopic bodies composed of small spherical cells embedded in a Rich Repertoire of red algae Clockwise top. Your WordPress.com account cell on the unification and diversity of plastids is supported by overwhelming genetic evidence and are! Johnson, P. R. ( 2009 ) reconcile proteins and fossils ( Viridiplantae ) by. Have secondarily adapted to freshwater environments Hewitt, D. ( 2009 ) only seven Cyanidiophyceae are... Been firmly established that mitochondria and plastids 106, 3859-3864 of endosymbiotic events, Keller M.! Somewhere in the Bangiophyceae 3 µm ) in West Neck Bay, long Island, York. The streptophytes comprise modern charophytes and land plants from a leafy gametophyte of a new in... Between primary and secondary endosymbiosis occurs when the host genome during and endosymbiosis... And efficient method to detect outlier genes and species in phylogenomics using multiple co-inertia analysis monophyly of red:. Coccoid prasinophyte from the Silurian Bainbridge formation, Missouri, USA, plastids have unstacked thylakoids and light-harvesting organized. Is essentially filamentous but individual filaments may aggregate to form a paraphyletic assemblage the. Mesostigma viride and Chlorokybus ( Chlorokybophyceae ) form the earliest-diverging streptophytic lineages ( Timme et al. 2004... Analyses reveal that two enigmatic protist lineages, Telonemia and Centroheliozoa, products.

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