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; Saleh, A.; Darwito, H.A. The Maintainability Index was calculated for each software system under study using seven variants: Next, data analysis on the acquired data was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28 and Python 3.7.6. with the matplotlib, NumPy, pandas, SciPy, seaborn, and scikit-learn libraries. The key differences between the variants lie in the selection of the software metrics used and/or the amount of influence the selected software metrics have on maintainability. Available online: Puntigam, F. Interfaces of Active Objects with Internal Concurrency. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Issues and Challenges in Intelligent Computing Techniques (ICICT), Ghaziabad, India, 78 February 2014; pp. ; formal analysis, T.H. Below are 5 ways to compare two Strings in Java: Using user-defined function : Define a function to compare values with following conditions : if (string1 > string2) it returns a positive value. Alsolai, H.; Roper, M. A systematic literature review of machine learning techniques for software maintainability prediction. In short, for any non-null reference say x and y, it returns true if and only if both references refer to the same object. Internally the Sort method does call Compare method of the classes it is sorting. 2021. Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. On the other hand, equals () method compares whether the value of the strings is equal, and not . The problem is that failing the first assert would cause an exception to be thrown leaving us with no idea if the second would have passed or failed. Learn Java practically Create two variables, minimum and maximum. Determ. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroka Cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia. [. whether they are the same object or not. In Apache Commons Beanutils, you can compare the JavaBean objects by using the BeanComparator class based on a specified shared property value. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization, Noida, India, 810 October 2014; pp. and B.. The two objects will be equal if they share the same memory address. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the Avg. This means that when focusing on finer-grained results posed by the Index, the selection of the Index variant has even more of an impact on the maintainability perception. The above program produced the output saying both e1, e3 objects are not the same even though both objects are having the same values. We limited our selection to well-defined variants (i.e., variants with an adequate description of the metrics needed for computation, the process of the metrics collection, and the process of Index calculation) that are commonly used in existing research on object-oriented software. Impacts of software community patterns on process and product: An empirical study. Conceptualization, T.H. To ensure all included software systems were following object-oriented principles, some manual inspection of the source code of subject software systems was performed by the authors. Zighed, N.; Bounour, N.; Seriai, A.D. Ideally I would have liked to write the following test: Unfortunately it would fail. Note that some human analysis of the comments is recommended to aid this decision [. [. [. Sjberg et al. You compare Java primitives (int, long, double, etc.) To address these threats, our research relied on a version of 45 different software systems and all versions of 3 software systems, a sample generally larger than that in related work. Therefore, it is advisable not to use this method in comparing objects without overriding it. JHawk. Available online: Molnar, A.J. The object-oriented paradigm is one of the dominant programming paradigms for modeling and developing software. = kurtosis, SW = ShapiroWilk Test. Java Program to Compare two Boolean Arrays, Java Program to Compare two Double Arrays, Compare two strings lexicographically in Java, equals() and deepEquals() Method to Compare two Arrays in Java. A comparative analysis of evolutionary algorithms for the prediction of software change. [. Avg. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). Now, our need is to compare two objects that are the same or not. By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. Streansk, P.; Chren, S.; Rossi, B. The newEqualswould returntrueifMyIntis the same in the two objects. Due to this behavior there are many (myself included) who suggest overridingEqualsto make sure that the actual values are compared, which could be a problem if our production code cannot be changed to accommodate our tests. Firstly, our study differs in the inclusion of multiple commonly used Index variants in the comparison, while most studies, except for [. Note: For BeanComparator, commons-collection and commons-logging jar files need to be included. All systems studied were open-source and based on the Java programming language. [. Fedoseev, K.; Askarbekuly, N.; Uzbekova, E.; Mazzara, M. Application of Data-Oriented Design in Game Development. [. For each hypothesis testing with statistical tests, we reviewed the underlying assumptions associated with each inferential statistic and reported the extent to which the assumptions were met. Parewa Labs Pvt. SomeClass) but I can still use a plain vanilla unit testing framework. By changing the return value inside the compare method, you can sort in any order that you wish to, for example: For descending order just change the positions of a and b in the above compare method. The objectives of this work were twofold: first, to highlight distinct variants of the Maintainability Index employed to measure maintainability in object-oriented systems and assess the results of variants when applied to measure the maintainability of the same subject software; second, to research the results of the variants when applied to measure the maintainability of a software system to compare the system with other systems. In terms of practical implications, software practitioners can use the results of this research to guide their selection of the most-appropriate Index variant for assessing the maintainability of their software systems in an efficient and effective manner. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICELTICs), Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 1920 September 2018; pp. Research on Software Maintenance Cost of Influence Factor Analysis and Estimation Method. [, Sharma, A.; Grover, P.; Kumar, R. Predicting maintainability of component-based systems by using fuzzy logic. To achieve the research objectives, experiments were conducted on Java open-source software systems. During maintenance, software systems undergo continuous correction and enhancement activities due to emerging faults, changing environments, and evolving requirements, making this phase expensive and time-consuming, often exceeding the initial development costs. If the properties are objects, you take advantage of the recursion to keep going until the properties are primitive type. Object-Oriented Software. However, it is still unclear how different Index variants compare when applied to software systems. 9099. Naturally, it is to be expected that maintainability assessment based on different variants computed using different equations may yield different results when subjected to the same software. Let us add the customized logic for object comparisons. To explore the variants and understand how they compare when evaluating software maintainability, an experiment was conducted with 45 Java-based object-oriented software systems. Using a comparator, we can sort the elements based on data members. Approach: Take inputs in the list. Testwell CMT++/CMTJava. The selection was random, and our selected subjects represent a heterogeneous group of software systems in terms of software characteristics, including size, complexity, code documentation, maturity, and domain of use. ; Ojha, A. Kaur, A.; Kaur, K.; Pathak, K. A proposed new model for maintainability index of open source software. On the other hand, equals() method compares whether the value of the strings is equal, and not the object itself. De Lucia, A.; Pompella, E.; Stefanucci, S. Assessing effort estimation models for corrective maintenance through empirical studies. In Java, the == operator compares that two references are identical or not. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. By using our site, you See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks. Overall, the findings of this research have the potential to benefit both researchers and practitioners in the field of software engineering by providing a better understanding of how the selection of Index variant affects the perception of the maintainability of software systems. ; supervision, B.. The method parses a reference object as a parameter. Java Program to Compare Two Objects Difficulty Level : Medium Last Updated : 16 Jun, 2021 Read Discuss Courses Practice Video An object is an instance of a class that has its state and behavior. If the two objects have the same values, equals () will return true. Why to Use Comparator Interface Rather than Comparable Interface in Java? Each of the presented variants represents a slightly different approach to measuring maintainability by capturing different software-related characteristics. Else print minimum and maximum variables. It is also possible that an object is equal to another given object, then the equals() method follow the equivalence relation to compare the objects. Tutorials Newsletter eBooks Jobs . 2021. This article is contributed by Rishabh Mahrsee. The Maintainability Index variants were computed from software metrics extracted from the code of each system by the JHawk tool. We will be creating two objects and set the first object to "BMW" and the other object to "AUDI". I will explain both methods using Strings and a self-written "Student" class as examples. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. The only difference is in person1, the property age appears before name, meanwhile, in person2, name comes before age. Collections API uses hashcode() and equals() Method, 5. There are ways around this limitation, such as using aHelperclass (ahem) that would do the heavy lifting by inheriting (or not) the original class and adding customEqualscode. ; data curation, T.H. You should not use == (equality operator) to compare these strings because they compare the reference of the string, i.e. As an example, imagine we have a list of students who applied for an exam, and another list of students who passed it. Hope you enjoy this article and find fun with the DIY thing. [, Some studies have compared the well-established Maintainability Index variant with alternative software quality measures with the aim of validating new measures. Gradinik, M.; Berani, T.; Karakati, S. Impact of historical software metric changes in predicting future maintainability trends in open-source software development. To make the comparison thing to be a piece of cake, just leverage Lodash. Arisholm, E.; Briand, L.C. Finding differences between collections of objects of the same data type is a common programming task. Developed by JavaTpoint. When implementing it, we need to make sure that the method returns: A positive integer, if the current object is greater than the parameter object A negative integer, if the current object is less than the parameter object If a class implements Comparable then such comparator may be used in compareTo method: @Override public int compareTo (Person o) { return Comparator.comparing (Person::getFirstName) .thenComparing (Person::getLastName) .thenComparingInt (Person::getAge) .compare (this, o); } Share Improve this answer edited Aug 8, 2017 at 15:28 community wiki Pratap, A.; Chaudhary, R.; Yadav, K. Estimation of software maintainability using fuzzy logic technique. Welker, K.D. For 42 software systems, only the last released version was included in the experiment, while for the remaining 3 systems, all versions from the release history were included. Kencana, G.H. Visual Studio. Overriding equals() method in the Employee Object, 4. The difference between those two lists would give us the students who didn't pass the exam. After that, we have invoked the hashCode() method using objects. The simple difference formula: An approach to teaching nonparametric correlation. In Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, Tampere, Finland, 2426 March 2004; pp. Every class in java has one parent class that is Object class and it has equals () method to compare two any objects. Ganpati, A.; Kalia, A.; Singh, H. A comparative study of maintainability index of open source software. 2.2. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 1819 November 2018; pp. In this class, we have created two instances of the Employee class i.e. toString() method is to print the values of the object. The correctness and completeness of this process were manually verified on a sample of subjects. A comparator interface is used to order the objects of user-defined classes. In this program, you'll learn to compare two strings in Java. When we run the program (HashCodeExample.java) with the above code snippet, we get the following output. If the properties of each object do not come in the same order, it doesnt work. Example 1: The above implementation along with usage of hashCode(): How to Compare Two TreeMap Objects in Java? Dahiya, S.S.; Chhabra, J.K.; Kumar, S. Use of genetic algorithm for software maintainability metrics conditioning. For instance, it may be on roll no, name, age, or anything else. Next, is create two objects with different values and compare them. Overriding follow the convention for the hashCode() method that states, the equal object must have equal hash code. Even though the findings are likely valid for software based on other object-oriented languages, further research is needed to confirm them. Inferential statistics were employed to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in the maintainability measurements of the two Index variants. If the two objects are equal according to the equals() method, then invoking the hashCode() method on these two objects must produce the same integer value. The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (Research Core Funding No. [, Counsell, S.; Liu, X.; Eldh, S.; Tonelli, R.; Marchesi, M.; Concas, G.; Murgia, A. Re-visiting the Maintainability Index Metric from an Object-Oriented Perspective. 2021. Hence, it requires being measured and quantified indirectly while relying on internal attributes that can be measured from software directly [, In the last few decades, the object-oriented paradigm has emerged as one of the most-widely used paradigms for modeling and developing software. 2023. To overcome this and compare JSON data semantically, we need to load the data into a structure in memory that's not affected by things like whitespace or by the order of an object's keys. Although concerns regarding the appropriateness of the Index for object-oriented languages have been expressed because the measure was initially proposed for systems developed in procedural programming languages [, As discussed above, several variants of the Index exist and are often used interchangeably.