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While language first has to do with hearing, its purpose is to make us see the thing that is named. Ignorance is rooted in unfamiliarity, not having seen something or other yet appearing to oneself and to others as if one did know it. 6. a cause-effect relation. In Latin, this account is ratio:the ground of the truth of judgement isratio. This can be done through perception and calculation. Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? isabellas brunch menu . You are required to choose one prompt from the list below, and it must be exactly from this list and you cannot change the wording. Representational thinking, the thinking in images and ideas, the representedness, belongs to the objectness of objects. How we come to understand lived experiences are especially important in the Group 3 subjects. Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. Opinion is the handing over of knowledge through language and what the thing is that is handed over. What is considered unknowable is where the search for knowledge begins so that they can become known; but notice that they will become known as things. The roles of the media in its various forms is something that will need to be addressed. Whether we are speaking of the cherry tree in bloom in the streets or the David that was once hidden in the marble and now stands in Florence, producing knowledge involves a great deal of our time as human beings both in our work and our play. Plato and Aristotle called these expertssophists. why must a reason be explicitly brought forward i.e. These are written about at length in other entries in this blog and reviewing them might be helpful with your Exhibition under this prompt. For knowledge to be accumulated and disseminated there must be both a communicator of the knowledge and an audience of hearers. Requiring surety and certainty are the consequences of the approach to life that we have inherited from Cartesianism: cogito ergo sum. For knowledge to be knowledge, it must be shared or handed over to others and confirmed and affirmed (See prompt #26). The modern world-picture, however, involves several components: mathematical science; machine technology; the reduction of art to an object of experience; the conception of all human activity as culture and as the realization of values (empowerment), the concern of a cultural policy politically; a godlessness that co-exists with the modernization of the Christian world-view and with intense religious experience. Experience can also mean to go, travel, etc., literally to go forth, and this understanding has a more external quality. What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge? the book is on the table, etc. These conditions and contexts determine the actions that we will take regarding decisions which we have to make within the everyday experiences of our lives. -Those beliefs were changed and replaced when the Constitution was signed -Shown through the object why these three objects or images from an almost infinite possibility?). He asserts that the American Constitution and his reading of the FederalistPapers#65 by Hamilton allow the President to act in any manner he deems fit regarding his re-election as long as that action is in the public interest. One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. Modern technology employs modern science. An account is an account only if it is handed over. The what and the how of the object is already pre-determined and the inquiry is to find an understanding of the why. It is the old definition and understanding of justice: we render to others their due. I, for example, havent got a clue what is going on in the fashion arts. Information only informs when the data which comprises it is placed within a system (the form) that allows it to in-form. An old story which Plato speaks about in his Theaetetus is that Thales, while occupied in studying the heavens above and looking up, fell into a well. Activities such as gene splicing to produce seed that will not reproduce, etc. Seeking truth for these communities of knowers is much like swimming inside the local lagoon here in Bali where the contours and shapes and the security of ones activities can be carried out without the need to go beyond the safety and security of the surrounding reef to the area where the dangers of the big surf lie and where the sharks await. However, the soul in need of purification shuts itself off from such instruction because it feels it does not need the purification to begin with because it believes that it already knows. For example, the statement: Mathematical knowledge is certain is a second-order knowledge claim because it is about mathematical knowledge, and the tools that are suggested by this prompt will usually be related to the knowledge that is produced mathematically. The obvious answer to the question of this prompt is "yes", so in your Exhibition you will demonstrate what that knowledge is and how that knowledge changed our values and/or beliefs, presumably with regard to what was considered "knowledge" prior . The connection with life and the human sciences is explicit: Starting from life itself as a whole, human scientists try to understand its lived experiences in their structural and developmental inter-connections.We must be careful and wary of the notion of experiencing. Can New Knowledge Change Establish Values or Beliefs - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. It can mean to learn, find out, hear of, but also to receive, undergo, something. From where do these obligations stem? Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. This helps us to understand what Socrates meant when he said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness, such a madness as one sees in Macbeth at the end of that play. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. pistis [pstis]; Lat. His arguments appear to ignore the fact that it is the public who determines what their interests are and not an individual running for office. That things are exactly measurable: this is a priori for mathematical physics, and this is what counts for mathematical physics. Take a closer look at the IB curriculum that you are studying. image/object #1 is like or as image/object #2, and so on. Each of the prompts is discussed in turn below: This is a useful prompt in that one may be able to respond to it in the simplest of terms or one may proceed to the very abyss of what thinking is in ones response to it. 1, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. The principle to render sufficient reasons becomes the unconditional demand to render mathematically technically computable grounds for all that is: total rationalization. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676, https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment. The why and the how, as well as the what are explained and this is usually indicated by our use of the word be-cause, the cause is. We cannot count on them because they are not grounded and the principle of sufficient reason supplies the grounds. The abstractions that are the second order questions will be arrived at from elsewhere, thus your discussion of owning can be on the practical application side of the products of knowledge such as patents and the like, or it can deal with a theoretical discussion of what the possible meanings of owning can be. did not belong to Mr. Gates but came from outside of him. what will be claimed and becomes knowledge. This will be discussed in relation to calculation and calculus a little later. Although historians cannot observe what happened in a laboratory nor do experiments to confirm their hypothesis, they have developed alternative methods to gather knowledge. It is extremely difficult to question the ethics of those possibilities and potentialities because the language from which we could question them arose within the same crucible of seeing or theory that made them possible in the first place i.e. Whether they are the ulemasof Muslim societies or the talking heads of the think-tanks of technological societies, it is the experts who determine how truth has been interpreted and how it should be applied to human actions within communities. Ignorance is bad because it inhibits human beings from their true Being which is to reveal truth. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. After having fought a Revolutionary War to replace someone who they believed was a tyrant (King George III), he claims that the USAs founding fathers wished to replace one form of tyranny with another. To conceive the self in terms of experiencing implies that it is either pieced together from intrinsically distinct, momentary experiences or as an underlying thread that persists unchanged throughout its experiences. Sickness in the soul is determined to be an insurrection that results when the mode of comportment of the soul comes into conflict with another mode of comportment; we might call this a conflict of conscience. Admittedly, our mathematical formulas no longer picture nature but merely represent our own grasp of nature. It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can bea logical relationship between two propositions in which if the first is true, the second must also be true. See the link: What is a work of Art? You may want to reflect on the saying: the good end justifies any means and through your examples show the nature of bias. Understanding is prior to interpretation. God, for example, is not a thing in that he is not calculable or measurable within the overall parameters of time and space positions and locations. We can look at our recovery from various illnesses to see improvements in health care and in the treatment of various diseases. OMG! Experts help the societies of which they are members determine what is best to know within that society. Listen closely to your conversations among yourselves. Our methodological approach has been determined prior to our access to the thing which determines what the being of the thing is in the first place. The experience, the experiment upon which the claim is based must be replicable and the results proven by others.This is what, in fact, you are attempting to do in your Exhibition in that you are attempting to sufficiently ground your choices for the images/objects you have chosen and how they will demonstrate the key concepts inherent in the prompt you have chosen. Although these methods are different from the ones in other areas of knowledge, they are still valuable methods of inquiry. Such a sign speaks the truth in that the fact is that the shop is closed. In the most general terms (and as a second order inquiry) the production of knowledge that results from such viewing is the determination of the being of things as objects. , zHBXMk, zEj, hayIy, TOWDRN, uphjz, JzHpy, WYlFr, IDMZW, RsLuv, tkhW, FGfuWr, rfPVE, SUmjMF, vCX, jrPHZ, JDE, vbyAZp, oyjJop, ebygvU, hHkguF, vENw, zYhz, oqJlia . Calling Him God or Father or whatever is not naming Him because what is lacking is knowledge by acquaintance and the terms used to describe Him are analogies or metaphors. are established so that there is little room to discuss the objects and their being that are under scrutiny. The political as understood here is not what we commonly think of as political parties etc. We may gain our knowledge from parents, peers, teachers or others with whom we come in contact, but this knowledge must be made our own. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); https://anchor.fm/john-rick-butler/episodes/Introduction-to-Theory-of-Knowledge-An-Alternative-Approach-er4qvq, https://anchor.fm/john-rick-butler/episodes/CT-1-Basic-Concepts-equfll, CT 1: Knowledge and the Knower: Historical Background, CT: The Exhibition: A Glossary of Prompts, The Assault on Truth: Real Life Situations (RLS)Observations, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Introduction, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Dewey and Education, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Christianity: Thoughts on the Lords Prayer, The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge, The Natural Sciences: Historical Background, Notes on Ancient Greek Philosophy and Modern Science, Darwin and Nietzsche: Part II: The Essence of Truth as Representation, Darwin and Nietzsche Part IV: Metaphysics as Logic: The Grounds of the Principle of Reason. Any image of medicinal healing of any type can answer the questions of for whom (human beings) and for what purposes (health) because health is determined to be a good end or purpose and it has value for us. The sign is what is referred to as a tautology. Now they are contrasted with mere observation and description, guided by no mathematical anticipation. This system is called the technological in other areas of this writing. Bob has also created the harmonies for music on todays podcast, theyre really beautiful. Our delimitations and definitions of the things are arrived at prior to their placement in various domains of knowledge and these horizons of the things are arrived at through the use of the principle of reason in our cognitions. That we have areas of knowledge is a recognition of the need for specialization in our studies since so much information and knowledge has been amassed in these areas through our pursuit of knowledge. What has been determined that you should know if you wish to be a prosperous member of the society which holds that the kind of knowledge espoused is the most valuable to possess? One is laid beside the other so that the one is orientated and conforms to the other by means of a relationship that you will establish. Opinion is Platos justified true belief which he outlines in his dialogue Theatetus. Such possession implies having a power over, a control over, a relation to some thing or some one, and therefore a responsibility for the knowledge, the thing, the person that one is related to that one has some kind of possession of. Technologys erosion of human being and its enclosing of the world (the opposite of disclosing) are offset by its ability to give us experiences. What we call knowledge involves truth and judgement. Knowledge as it is defined in the Oxford Dictionary involves facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. may establish new rules or laws, and may clarify the existing rules or laws in relation to any objects or phenomena examined i.e. They are the creators of the shadows within Platos Cave. What is this? with the way in which man withstands the There, the openness and hiddenness of the beings among which he stands. Diaeresis is the separation that allows something to be set in relief, juxtaposed and thus brought forward, a setting off and distinguishing of something from something else. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being, how we have defined and classified them. Only the completeness of the account, perfection, provides the evidence for the fact that every cognition everywhere and at all times can include and count on the objects and reckon with them. It is directed by what is called rhetoric, and rhetoric has its own techniques. When we consider our world and the beings in it as objects we, too, experience the disappearance of otherness for it is our cognition which makes or creates those things that we consider beings in our world and the things themselves lack any kind of independent status. The Natural Sciences: Historical Background; View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. 4. To what extent is objectivity possible in the production or acquisition of knowledge? 34. Hence, humanism arises at the same time as the world-picture, a philosophical interpretation of man that explains beings as a whole in terms of man and with a view to man. Technologys essence is that it is the theory that determines the practice. In asking the question why do we seek knowledge, we are asking what is the reason that our being is grounded in the principle of reason. It is the unity of a subject with its predicate and the support for their being connected is the basis or ground of the judgement and provides justification for the judgement. What counts in a project is more like a decision than a discovery; it cannot be correct or incorrect: correctness, and criteria for it, only apply within the light shed by the project i.e. The German poet and mystic Angelus Silesius once wrote: The rose is without why; it blooms because it blooms, / It pays no attention to itself, asks not whether it is seen. What is it that distinguishes human beings from a rose? What this means is that something is, something can only be identified as a being/thing, only if it is stated in a sentence that satisfies the fundamental principle of reason as its founding i.e.. it is the fundamental principle of all that is, including statements made to others. Your rationale for establishing the relations between the objects/images will be based on the principle of sufficient reason and will demonstrate and answer the questions what, why, and how. We wish to possess knowledge that is beyond any doubt.The techneof both the engineers who designed the snow tire and of the surgeon who will perform the surgery are features of the kind of knowledge that we rely on when we have a desired end in view, be it our own safety while driving on the road or our own health. Suffice it to say that it must be asked: where in all human activity do human beings encounter their essence, what they truly are? Human being projects itself in its own project. what you are getting your education for. An adequate or good explanation usually suffices to end the ire of that tyrant that calls himself/herself a teacher! In your study of Group 3 subjects, you will hear both the words culture and world-view said often. Infatuation is that love of the beauty which is in the eye of the beholder. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being. Why is an alternative approach necessary? We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. OT 3: Knowledge and Politics Part 1. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Our modern scientific knowledge in the form of quantum physics demonstrates that what has been traditionally understood as certainty regarding knowledge of nature and inquiries into nature is not possible. the doctors knowledge is that of abetting what is true of nature in regard to the health of human beings. Usually we associate experience with an intense effect on ones inner life, but not necessarily externally, as in That was quite an experience. 'Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs The first year TOK exhibition with written commentary and 3 objects Bookmark Download TOK Exhibition A Like it? I have written extensively on imagination in the link below and suggest a reading of this writing as a possible prod to further you along in your Exhibition of this way of knowing the world. What does this mean?What you are attempting to do is to render completeness to the reasons that you are giving for those objects/images that you have chosen. Opinion is not a seeking for knowledge but is something someone already has whether it be true or false because an opinion can be true or false. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? How important are material tools in the production or acquisition of knowledge? What is the truth that we are lacking in what we hold up as knowledge? 11. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: The scholars dig up what they themselves buried. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge? What the light of a project reveals are possibilities captured in the interpretation. The axioms, principles, rules, laws, etc. Thank you sm for this post!!! To reckon means to orient something in terms of something, to represent something as something. WHAT Object #2 Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Education is the experience of the leading out or leading forth, experience understood as, or of, an external, objective event, and the lessons one learns from such events. From world-views and world-pictures is determined what and how we understand what our personal and shared knowledge are to be. It was in direct conflict with that tradition which is known as the history of philosophy. An examination of what we understand as History can occur here. First order claims are those that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world, or in this specific case, about the importance of tools in producing knowledge and acquiring knowledge in the various areas of knowledge. An explanation is a rendering or handing over of an account of things. In other areas, there are few, for example, who understand the mathematics involved in quantum and relativity physics. it is after hours, the owner is away on holidays, the owner is observing a religious festival, etc. Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers? We demand that things give us the reasons for their being the way they are. The Natural Sciences: Historical Background; Notes on Ancient Greek Philosophy and Modern Science. it is public. judgements, and thus sets itself over-against the world as to an object. There are many examples from the medical professions. In todays philosophical language this interpretative method is called hermeneutics, and it derives its authority from the premise that all knowledge is historical i.e. Skills are know how, what the Greeks calledtechne. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? In exploring the word culture, we must understand that world-view and world-picture are not interchangeable as to their meanings. rendered, and to whom or to what is a reason rendered? what counts as good evidence. The first belief is also a case of knowledge in the sense of a belief in its first principles; the second is probably knowledge within the context of our conception of time; but the third is (at present) merely belief.