Nuts and seeds. A liquid diet might actually be recommended by your healthcare provider. Mild cases of diverticulitis are usually treated with antibiotics and a low-fiber diet, or treatment may start with a period of rest where you eat nothing by mouth, then start with clear liquids and then move to a low-fiber diet until your condition improves. While this article went in depth into foods to avoid with diverticulitis, you are probably wondering what you can eat. Foods you might not expect such as yogurt, ice cream, cereal and even beverages can have added fiber. Other possible symptoms include: If you're experiencing these symptoms and you suspect diverticulitis, check in with your doctor to confirm or rule out the diagnosis. Eating high-fiber foods and eating less red meat may lower the risk. Seeds like sesame, poppy, chia, sunflower, or pumpkin. All that normal roughage and fiber is fine. Fiber-restricted diet. Avoid these foods and products made with them: Prepare all foods so that they're tender. Avoid these foods and products made with them: Nuts, seeds, dried fruit and coconut Pizza, the favorite dish of so many people across the world, may fall under this heading. The pouches are formed when weak spots in your intestines give way and bulge out. In the past, doctors recommended that people with diverticulitis follow a low fiber diet or a clear liquid diet. (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. If the pouches become inflamed or infected and diverticulitis does develop, it's likely that you'll experience some uncomfortable digestive symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they might include: Only about 5% of people with diverticulosis develop diverticulitis a bacterial infection in their diverticula. Pasta Recipes for Diverticulitis - Calming Blends Pasta Recipes for Diverticulitis A high fiber diet is recommended for prevention of Diverticulitis. This content does not have an Arabic version. Generally speaking any foods that contain small, hard to digest pieces like pips should be avoided if you have diverticulosis. When adding fiber to your diet, be sure to drink plenty of water to avoid constipation. Foods to avoid with diverticulitis include high-fiber options such as: Whole grains. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 20202025. This article explains everything you need to know about this diet. By creating platforms and opportunities that allow us to come together, we can begin to know and understand each other. It is sometimes called a restricted-fiber diet. Yes. According to a 2018 research article, eating a diet high in red and processed meats could increase your risk of developing diverticulitis. You may also want to try a fiber supplement like Metamucil or Citrucel up to three times each day. For decades, doctors advised patients with diverticulitis to abstain from foods such as rice, corn, nuts, seeds, popcorn, beans, and the majority of raw fruits and vegetable skins, on the grounds that the tiny particles in these foods could lodge in the pouches and cause infection. Bananas, rice, apples, and toast were originally included in this protocol; however, it has since been expanded to include additional mild foods that may help alleviate diverticulitis symptoms. According to the NIDDK, you may have diverticulosis with no symptoms, or it may cause varying degrees of constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain and bloating. Once symptoms improve, they may recommend moving on to a low fiber diet until symptoms disappear, then building up to a high fiber diet. What Ingredients Should I Avoid on Pizza When I have Diverticulitis? Lets take a deep look at whether it is safe to eat pizza with this condition, what ingredients you should avoid, and other related topics. Can You Eat Spaghetti With Diverticulitis? A Mayo expert weighs in, You have narrowing of the bowel due to a tumor or an inflammatory disease, You are having treatment, such as radiation, that damages or irritates your digestive tract, Whole grains, popcorn, wheat germ and bran, Brown rice, wild rice, oatmeal, granola, shredded wheat, quinoa, bulgur and barley, Dried beans, baked beans, lima beans, peas and lentils, Fruits and vegetables except those noted below, Tender meat, fish and poultry, ham, bacon, shellfish, and lunch meat, Baked goods made with refined wheat or rye flour, such as bread, biscuits, pancakes, waffles, bagels, saltines and graham crackers, Hot and cold cereals that have less than 2 grams of dietary fiber in a single serving, such as those made from rice, Canned or well-cooked potatoes, carrots and green beans, Bananas, melons, applesauce and canned peaches (no skin), Butter, margarine, oils and salad dressings without seeds, Turkey sandwich on white bread with mayonnaise. However, when the flare-up and inflammation are back under control, reintroducing fiber-rich vegetables slowly into your diet can help reduce the risk of having a recurrent attack. Cows milk, soy milk, lactose-free milk, and rice milk are all acceptable substitutes. Does Meat Affect Diverticulitis? Answer From Katherine Zeratsky, R.D., L.D. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health But yes, you can eat spaghetti with diverticulitis but in moderation. Stools may contain an abnormal amount of mucus. The amount of fiber in a portion of food is listed on the foods Nutrition Facts label. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. With a diverticulitis attack, you should avoid solid foods and stick to a clear liquid diet. Dietary fiber can reduce the symptoms of diverticular disease and improve bowel function, according to research from 2018. What foods are easy to digest with diverticulitis? Diverticulitis is a disease that affects your digestive tract and causes inflamed pouches in the lining of your stomach. "Usually they start to improve after several days of being on antibiotics," Taylor says. Research suggests that eating a high fiber diet can help prevent diverticulitis flares. These nutrients minimize your outbreak risk and improve your overall digestive health. Our very own President & CEO Mary Lou Mastro will post about what our patients want to know, from the latest buzz in our hospitals to whats new in health care. Acute attacks characterized by severe pain or infection may necessitate hospitalization. { } Eggs Find a GI doctor near you. A low-fiber diet limits the types of vegetables, fruits and grains that you can eat. If you cannot upgrade your browser, you can remain on this site. Keep in mind that you may have fewer bowel movements and smaller stools while you're following a low-fiber diet. In general, if you have diverticulosis but youre not having an episode of diverticulitis, a diet high in fiber will help prevent future flare-ups. When it comes to grains, you may want to completely refrain. The diet of diverticulitis patients should consist of fruits, vegetables, white bread, white rice, chicken, fish, and eggs, as well as cooked or canned foods. Do NOT eat popcorn. If diverticulitis is confirmed, your doctor may recommend a specialized diet (along with other treatments, if necessary) during your flare-up. Fiber helps to soften and bulk up stools, allowing them to pass through your colon more easily. While you may tolerate many pizza toppings reasonably well when you have diverticulitis, there are many others that should be avoided. Dietary patterns, foods and fiber in irritable bowel syndrome and diverticular disease. Learn more about how much water you should drink here. Read on to learn about foods to eat and, Not sure what to eat after a colonoscopy? Slide show: Heart-healthy eating after acute coronary syndrome, Is the keto diet for you? Office of Patient Education. But recent studies suggest those foods do not contribute to flare-ups and are fine to eat. It Our experts appeared on ABC7 Chicago's Windy City Live to talk about how to prevent cardiovascular disease and help Eleven years ago, five families fell into a friendship after participating in a birthing class at Edward Hospital Edward-Elmhurst Health is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. You can remove the pips from tomatoes and eat the flesh, or strain canned tomato mix to remove the pips. Our stories about patients who bravely and proactively improved their health, and the caregivers who helped them along the way, are sure to motivate and inspire. However, avoid red meats and pork as they are tougher on the digestive system. However, it may be possible to enjoy your favorite pizza even if you have diverticulitis, giving you the chance to eat out with friends, family members, and others. If you must continue eating this diet for a longer time, consult a registered dietitian to make sure your nutritional needs are being met. { } White Rice and Pasta White rice and pasta have very little dietary fiber and are softer on the digestive system. The doctor may recommend bed rest as well as a liquid diet in addition to a pain reliever to help the colon rest. However, when you eat fiber, it pulls water into your stool, softening it and making it easier to pass so you can reduce the pressure on your intestinal wall, simultaneously reducing your risk of diverticulitis. Vegetable skins. Eating high-fiber foods and eating less red meat may lower the risk. National Library of Medicines list Unfortunately, this situation can be unpredictable and typically varies heavily from person to person. Diverticulitis may lead to health problems or complications, including: Doctors used to recommend a low fiber, clear liquid diet during diverticulitis flare-ups. Because the prevalence of diverticulosis is lower in areas where people follow a high-fiber diet, many health care professionals believe that the condition develops, at least in part, as a result of not getting enough fiber. Stool color can range from bright red to maroon to black and tarry, indicating the presence of blood. Review/update the | You can eat things like rice, yogurt, eggs, bananas, applesauce, or toast due to their high fiber content. If you have chronic symptomsof diverticular disease or if you had diverticulitis in the past, your doctor may recommend eating more foods that are high in fiber. https://www.cancer.org/treatment/survivorship-during-and-after-treatment/staying-active/nutrition/low-fiber-foods.html. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. To see the full site, please upgrade your browser to the most recent version of Safari, Chrome, Firefox or Internet Explorer. The BRAT Diet incorporates specific foods from each food group, including vegetables, fruits, starches, proteins, and even beverages. Diverticulitis is a condition that occurs as a result of not consuming enough fiber. If you were to eat things like spaghetti, chances are high that you could end up with a bowel obstruction. Not necessarily, though you should abstain from alcohol and caffeine if you are suffering from diverticulitis. So can you eat spaghetti with diverticulitis? Yes, drinking water may assist in the resolution of diverticulitis. When following a clear liquid diet, you must avoid all solid food, but you can have: Although there are a lot of foods to avoid for diverticulitis, the Mayo Clinic notes that, once you start feeling better, your doctor will let you know when you can progress to eating some solid, low-fiber foods again. If you have diverticulitis, there are certain foods you should not eat. Food that contains these ingredients does not appear to cause diverticulitis. Flake cereal, mashed potatoes, tofu, waffles, pasta, white bread, rice, eggs, applesauce, bananas, fish, poultry, pancakes, and well-cooked vegetables are all acceptable foods. Is this an emergency? LINK, Nutrients. However, you should be careful to drink at least eight ounces of water after this meal and to continue drinking water throughout your day. If diverticulitis is treated promptly and without complications, it may respond to antibiotics within a few days. We avoid using tertiary references. During a flare up, your physician will more than likely prescribe a clear-liquid diet to avoid creating waste in the intestines. You should use a low-fiber diet only as long as directed by your doctor. According to mayoclinic.com, well-cooked vegetables with the skin and seeds removed are more easily digested. In the beginning stages of your flare-up, you'll have to avoid all vegetables and all solid foods, completely. Broth, water, juices without pulp, and plain gelatin are all examples of these. Once the attack is over and youre feeling better, you can switch back to a high-fiber diet to help avoid future attacks. You should be able to eat this delicious meal when you have diverticulitis. Upon referral from your physician, we coordinate your testing and treatment. Good cooking methods include simmering, poaching, stewing, steaming and braising. Its always a good idea to consult a medical professional before making large diet changes. Read stories that illustrate our commitment to keeping our community healthy. With this condition, prevention is the best medicine, and that starts with a healthy diet. Caf au lait ou th (without cream or milk) Drinks that are clear, such as club soda, ginger ale, or lemon-lime soda. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Flounder, salmon, crappie, or bass? You can eat the flesh of tomatoes without the pips or strain canned tomato mixture to remove the pips. The NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Pain and cramping on the lower left side of your belly (most common, but not always). Avoid vegetables and sauces with seeds, such as tomato sauce. ", American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: "Understanding Diverticulosis", Johns Hopkins Medicine: "Diverticular Disease", UCSF Health: "Diverticular Disease and Diet", National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: "Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Diverticular Disease", Harvard Health Publishing: "Rethinking Fiber and Hydration Can Lead to Better Colon Health", Clear juices, like apple, cranberry and grape (with no pulp), Fruit (with the skin, if you can tolerate it). Fasting diet: Can it improve my heart health? Alvarez-Gonzalez MA, et al. Some low-fiber foods to consider during a flare-up include: A clear liquid diet would include water, ice chips, gelatin, ice pops, broth and coffee or tea without any cream, flavors or sweeteners. People with diverticulitis need to follow a diet that is full of fiber, as it can prevent constipation and can lessen diverticulitis flare-ups. LINK, National Institutes of Health. Straining can ultimately lead to small pouches in the colon (diverticulitis). Randomized clinical trial: A normocaloric low-fiber diet the day before colonoscopy is the most effective approach to bowel preparation in colorectal cancer screening colonoscopy. Studies have confirmed that eating foods rich in fiber can actually help keep the repercussions of diverticulitis under control. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. All rights reserved. If you are having a flare-up, your doctor may put you on a low-fiber or clear liquid diet for a time to give your digestive system a chance to rest and heal. You may find that certain types . Grain Products Can you eat tomato sauce with diverticulitis? A clear liquid diet would consist of water, ice chips, gelatin, ice pops, broth, and unsweetened coffee or tea. Avoid these foods to minimize your outbreaks: As you can see, eating pizza with diverticulitis is possible if youre careful with your intake. If you're eating a low-fiber diet, be sure to read food labels. A diagnosis of diverticulitis no longer means you have a long list of foods to avoid. Take antibiotics as prescribed by your primary doctor. Even so, each person is different. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. LINK. This diet also includes applesauce, canned fruit or soft, peeled fruits, well-cooked vegetables, poultry, lean meat, fish, eggs and smooth nut butters. When you have any medical condition such as the ones that affect your intestines, you should be very careful with what you eat. While diverticulitis may remain dormant for long periods of time, keep in mind that its a chronic condition. Yes, because cheese is a low-fiber food, you can eat it if you have diverticular disease. Because a low-fiber diet restricts what you can eat, it can be difficult to meet your nutritional needs. Low-residue and low-fiber diets in gastrointestinal disease management. In the past, people with small pouches (diverticula) in the lining of the colon were told to avoid nuts, seeds and popcorn. Your doctor may recommend a high-fiber diet once your condition improves. What foods should I eat during a diverticulitis flare? Your doctor will help guide you as you gradually add fiber back into your diet following a flare up and discuss treatment options, which could include surgery, to address any concerns related to your diagnosis. Dietary patterns and whole plant foods in aging and disease. Seek out a healthcare professional who has experience working with people who have diverticulitis if you can. Once symptoms improve, they may recommend sticking with a low fiber diet until symptoms disappear, then building up to a high fiber diet to prevent future flares. Weve got fresh new ideas about how to lead a healthier life! Look for foods that have no more than 1-2 grams of fiber in one serving. Could a Home Remedy for Diverticulitis Be the Answer to Your Abdominal Pain? Look for foods that have no more than 1-2 grams of fiber in one serving. The most common symptom is abdominal pain, usually characterized by soreness or sensitivity on the left side. A lighter or simpler pizza may make it easier to enjoy three slices, though it is a bad idea to eat much more than that. This diet prohibits the consumption of solid foods. The low FODMAP diet can drastically improve digestive symptoms for many people. Dried beans and peas. Fruits such as tangerines, peaches, prunes, apples, bananas, and pears are high in fiber. Taking certain medicines like NSAID pain relievers or steroids. Diverticulosis and diverticulitis are two terms that are often used interchangeably, but although both conditions fall under the umbrella of diverticular disease, they're vastly different. So leave a comment below to let us know how you manage your diverticulitis outbreaks! Most dairy products have little to no dietary fibers and are safe to consume during a diverticular attack. In the past, doctors had recommended that people with diverticular disease (diverticulosis or diverticulitis) avoid hard-to-digest foods such as nuts, corn, popcorn, and seeds, for fear that these foods would get stuck in the diverticula and lead to inflammation. In addition, stay in communication with your doctor about your condition. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Instead, increase your intake slowly over a period of two weeks to give your body time to adjust to your new diet. 10 Foods That Help Manage Your Diverticulitis Research shows that people who consume a fiber-rich diet have fewer chronic illnesses. Spaghetti is ideal for people suffering from diverticulitis because it has a low fiber content and a low residue. A high-fat, low-fiber diet commonly followed in Western countries can exacerbate diverticulitis symptoms. You'll also be less likely to gain weight. When it comes to diverticulitis, foods to avoid include corn, popcorn, nuts, sesame seeds, etc. To fully understand the difference, it's helpful to back up a little bit and explain how the pouches associated with diverticular disease develop. https://www.nutritioncaremanual.org/. High-fiber vegetables like broccoli, brussels sprouts, and onions. Clear, pulp-free juices (such as apple and cranberry juice). 4 Types of Bowel Habits Change You Should Know, Kidney beans, black beans, and most other varieties, High fiber veggies like peas, spinach, squash and potatoes, Watermelon, apricots, grapes, peaches, applesauce and any other high fiber fruits. Eating a healthy diet is one of the best ways to manage diverticulosis, so it doesnt turn into diverticulitis. Other ingredients that you should consider on your pizza include: Try to focus on eating healthy toppings like these instead of those that may trigger problematic diverticulitis outbreaks. Beans such as kidney, black, or pinto beans, or chickpeas. Eating a high-fiber meal reduces your chances of getting heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. Drinking at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day helps you stay hydrated and promotes gastrointestinal health. Following a low FODMAP diet has benefits for some people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Tomato puree and sauce is not a problem. What You Need to Know About a Full Liquid Diet. Read more: Is Sugar Bad for Diverticulitis? The presence of diverticula is called diverticulosis. Swanson SM, et al. Salad dressings that are highly spiced or flavored, or ones that contain pickles or raw vegetables. To avoid constipation, you may need to drink extra fluids. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. But after eating spaghetti or other food, make sure to drink lots of water in order to avoid any potential bowel obstruction. However, it is essential to eat a minimal amount of any high-FODMAP vegetables when you have diverticulitis to avoid serious flare-up risks. There are residues from the grain that could irritate the stomach. With diverticular disease, we eat to maintain gut health and reduce risk of diverticulitis. However, it is necessary to remember that pizza should be eaten in moderation, in a balanced diet. Diverticulosis describes a condition in which you have small pouches (called diverticula) in the lining of your digestive tract, usually your large intestine or colon. information highlighted below and resubmit the form. Barbara G, et al. During a diverticulitis flare-up, a good diet should be low in fiber and high in easy-to-digest foods. It may also help some people with diverticulitis. Actually, no specific foods are known to trigger diverticulitis attacks. Is it OK to Eat Cheese With Diverticulitis? Diverticulitis which only about 5 percent of people with diverticulosis go on to develop most often causes severe abdominal pain. Coffee is a stimulant of the bowel, so if youre having an attack, you may want to avoid it and allow your bowel to rest. If you're eating a low-fiber diet, be sure to read food labels. The gastroenterologists at Edward-Elmhurst Health are experts in diagnosing and treating digestive health issues. All rights reserved. Diverticulitis is not as common: Less than 5 percent of people with diverticulosis will develop diverticulitis. Recent research suggests that these foods are not harmful to people with diverticulosis or diverticulitis. Most junk foods, such as pizza, fried snacks, and greasy hamburgers, do not fit in the high fiber diet that people with diverticulitis should be following. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. When you don't eat enough fiber, waste doesn't move through your digestive system as easily and constipation can develop. Some doctors still recommend a clear liquid diet during mild flare-ups. Years ago, doctors thought that eating corn, popcorn, nuts and seeds could inflame the polyps and cause diverticulitis, but theres no research to support that. Consume a diet low in fiber. Most dairy products have little to no dietary fibers and are safe to consume during a diverticular attack. Many foods and meals can worsen this swelling and make it hard to eat properly. Can you eat cheese with diverticular? Can You Have Spaghetti Sauce With Diverticulitis? Mayo Clinic, 2020. In the past, people with small pouches (diverticula) in the lining of the colon were told to avoid nuts, seeds and popcorn. Lack of fiber in the diet can cause constipation and strain the bowel. Disclaimer: Before starting any new diet, please consult a physician. According to the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, approximately half of the American population has diverticulosis by the time they reach 60. Once a flare up eases a bit, your doctor may ease up on dietary restrictions by advising you to switch to an all-liquid diet. Dairy products are not foods you should indulge in. A low-fiber diet restricts these foods. Talk to your doctor in order to find out more about what you can eat when you have diverticulitis. This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases After the age of 80, almost everyone has some pouches. White rice and pasta have very little dietary fiber and are softer on the digestive system. When pasta is cooked, it expands and can easily become stuck in the diverticula, which are small, pouch-like sacs that form in the lining of the intestine. Is it OK to eat spaghetti with diverticulitis? Any fruits and vegetables that have hard seeds or skin should be avoided if you have diverticulitis. Can you eat spaghetti with diverticulitis? Although there are a lot of foods to avoid for diverticulitis, the Mayo Clinic notes that, once you start feeling better, your doctor will let you know when you can progress to eating some solid, low-fiber foods again. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Red and processed meat According to a 2018 research article, eating a diet high in red and processed meats could increase your risk of developing diverticulitis. Have you been postponing a colonoscopy? Some examples of fiber-rich foods are listed in the table below. The standard Western diet is often high in fat and sugar and low in fiber. This means that two hours after eating, you need to drink at least 8 ounces of water. In addition to eating vegetables, you can make sure you're getting enough fiber every day by including a variety of other fiber-rich foods in your diet, like: Read more: A Food List and Diet Plan for Diverticulitis. The average adult eating a 2,000-calorie diet needs at least 28 grams of fiber each day. Tobacco causes other health risks so it is in your best interest to quit completely. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. Your doctor may recommend eating more foods that are high in fiber. Coconut and palm oils are ingredients in store bought whipped cream. These pouches may become infected and can be a medical. Text the word. Eating too much fiber too soon can cause uncomfortable symptoms, like gas and bloating. The preparations you went through to prepare for the procedure are dehydrating, so putting fluids and. Other vegetables that you should avoidinclude cauliflower, Swiss chard, cabbage, kale, Brussels sprouts, carrots, beets, squash, iceberg lettuce, and zucchini. Depending on your condition and tolerance, your doctor may recommend a diet that is more or less restricted. If you have diverticular disease, diet can be an invaluable tool in managing flare-ups and the symptoms that come with them. Baking or microwaving in a covered dish is another option. But if you find yourself in a flare, all bets are off. Yes, you should be able to eat spaghetti with diverticulitis since it is a low residue diet. Alot Health This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. The truth is this mildly uncomfortable test is safe and minimally invasive. Eating a low-fiber diet will limit your bowel movements and help ease diarrhea or other symptoms of abdominal conditions, such as abdominal pain. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases recommends paying close attention to your symptoms and how you feel. How long does it take to recover from diverticulitis? Those with diverticulitis should avoid spicy foods. Pizza is safe to eat if you have diverticulitis, as long as youre safe and eat moderate portions. Even though doctors may recommend avoiding high fiber foods during a flare, the NIDDK recommends regularly consuming a high fiber diet to reduce the risk of acute diverticulitis. Never miss to try, you cant skip this: fried spaghetti. To alleviate mild cramps and pain, place a heating pad on your stomach at a low setting. Foods such as these have been linked to diverticula inflammation and adhesion. These are small pockets that develop in the lining of the intestine. If youre wondering whether you can still eat pizza and your favorite treats with diverticulosis, the answer can vary depending on the severity of your condition. Diverticulitis occurs when the diverticula become blocked with waste. If you have diverticulitis, talk with your doctor about your food needs and food restrictions. Bacteria then begins to build up causing swelling and infections. Each person is different. December 2020. Make sure youre eating well most of the time, and reserve that pizza for a special treat. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Some people may find that avoiding certain food helps. Broccoli Soup Broccoli soup can help relieve symptoms of IBS. When you get the green light, you'll still have to avoid eating raw vegetables, but you'll be able to safely include well-cooked and canned vegetables in your diet as well as other low-fiber foods, like eggs, cheese, yogurt, cooked fruit, poultry and ground meat.
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